Willing to Die for Freedom

Four Different Constitutions

Kansas had four different constitutional conventions between 1854 and 1861.

The territory had ten different governors, the capital moved to five different towns, and two separate legislatures existed at the same time--one antislavery and the other proslavery. Fradulent elections, threats of violence, and congressional disagreements all prolonged the conflict.

Why did it take so long to approve a constitution?
Because delegates couldn't write a document that satisfied both the people of the territory and the U.S. Congress.

Here are basic facts on each of the four constitutions.

Topeka Constitution
Free-State
1855

Why did it fail?
When a proslavery legislature was elected through voter fraud, freestaters called it "bogus" and set up their own constitutional convention in Topeka. This separate government was technically illegal. Thus, Congress would not accept the Topeka constitution because the federal government did not recognize the convention.

James Lane

Constitutional character:
James Lane saw in Kansas an opportunity to make a name for himself. He compromised his beliefs whenever necessary to stay in power and remain in the public eye. As a freestater at the Topeka convention, Lane argued to ban all Blacks--free or slave--from the territory. Within a few years, though, he would change his mind and organize the first Black military regiment formed in the North.

Learn more about James Lane by visiting PBS' "The West".

Lecompton Constitution
Pro-Slavery
1857

Why did it fail?
There were 3 different votes on this document as control of the legislature shifted between free-state and proslavery. Like Kansas, the U.S. Congress also was divided on the issue of slavery. Its members were unsure this constitution represented the will of the people, therefore, it was never ratified.

John Calhoun

Constitutional character:
John Calhoun was a notorious figure involved with election fraud related to the Lecompton Constitution. He directed his clerk to bury fake ballots in a wooden box, thereby hiding them from free-state investigators. Calhoun led the Lecompton convention at the peak of proslavery power in the legislature. This is the last time proslavery forces controlled the legislature.

Learn more about Calhoun's career by visiting Territorial Kansas Online.

View the Lecompton constitution on the Kansas Memory web site.

Leavenworth Constitution
Free-State
1858

Why did it fail?
Freestaters were in control of the legislature and passed a radical antislavery constitution granting voting rights to African Americans. The constitution was ratified by Kansas voters but not approved by the U.S. Congress. Proslavery leaders controlled the Congress, where they ensured its failure at the national level.

John Ritchie

Constitutional character:
John Ritchie was an abolitionist delegate to the Leavenworth convention. A friend of John Brown, Ritchie helped fugitive slaves escape to freedom, and even employed Blacks at his Topeka quarry. The views of Ritchie and other delegates were too extreme for the U.S. Congress to approve the Leavenworth Constitution.

View the Leavenworth constitution on the Kansas Memory web site.

Wyandotte Constitution
Free-State
1859

This is the actual constitution (with amendments) under which Kansas operates today. View the Wyandotte Constitution on the Kansas Memory web site.

Why did it succeed?
Less radical than the Leavenworth Constitution, this document provided voting rights for White males only--not Blacks or Indians. Although it was easily approved by Kansas voters, the constitution didn't gain congressional approval until Southern states began seceding from the Union. The balance of power in the U.S. Senate then shifted to free-state, and Kansas entered the Union on January 29, 1861, the 34th star on the flag.

Clarina Nichols

Constitutional character:
Clarina Nichols pressed delegates at the Wyandotte convention for women's rights. A newspaper publisher and tireless crusader active on the national level, she came to Kansas in 1854 convinced she could make a difference. Nichols knitted while she listened to debates at the convention. Although she was not allowed to speak , Nichols lobbied for women's rights when the delegates took breaks. Her efforts gained property rights for women, and voting rights in school district elections.

Nichols edited the Quindaro Chindowan, an abolitionist newspaper. Some residents of Quindaro (now part of Kansas City) helped slaves escape to freedom on the Underground Railroad.

Comparing the constitutions:

	Topeka 1855	Lecompton 1857	Leavenworth 1858	Wyandotte 1859
Allowed slavery?	No	Yes	No	No
Votes for Women?	No	No	No	Only in school board elections
Votes for Blacks?	No	No	Yes	No