Topics in Kansas History: Politics & Government

Wyandotte Constitutional Convention

Notes

¹ "The convention held its sessions in what was known as Myer's Hall. This was at that time the finest building in the territory. It was a four-story brick, located on First street, between State and Nebraska avenues. . . . This location was about two blocks east and about a block and a half north of Third and Minnesota avenue….The convention met in the fourth story." Mail and Breeze, Topeka, March 30, 1900, in Kansas Constitutions, Clippings, vol. 2, 1883-1925, Library and Archives Division, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka. For photograph of reported meeting location, see http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/4 and http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/11.

² The Democrats had actually dropped slavery from the party platform at their May convention, so this obvious point of contention was gone, but they still faired badly at the delegate election: Republicans polled 7,373 votes and Democrats 6,155, but the delegate count greatly favored the Republican Party. G. Raymond Gaeddert, The Birth of Kansas (Lawrence: University of Kansas Publications, 1940), 35.

³ Virgil W. Dean, ed., Territorial Kansas Reader (Topeka, Kansas State Historical Society, 2005), 11, 44; Joseph B. Herring, The Enduring Indians of Kansas: A Century and a Half of Acculturation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990); H. Craig Miner and William E. Unrau The End of Indian Kansas: A Study of Cultural Revolution, 1854-1871 (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); William E. Unrau, Indians of Kansas: The Euro-American Invasion and Conquest of Indian Kansas (Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1991); Paul W. Gates, Fifty Million Acres: Conflicts over Kansas Land Policy, 1854-1890 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1954), 19.

⁴ "Organic Act. An Act to Organize the Territory of Kansas," Sec. 19 of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, May 30, 1854, in John C. Weeks, ed., Kansas Statutes Annotated, Constitution Volume (Topeka: State Printer, 1969), 71; see also Nicole Etcheson, "The Great Principle of Self-Government: Popular Sovereignty and Bleeding Kansas," Kansas History: A History of the Central Plains 27 (Spring-Summer 2004): 14-29; and for a review of the literature in this area as it relates to issues of special relevance to Kansas, see Gunja SenGupta, "Bleeding Kansas. Review Essay," Kansas History: A History of the Central Plains 24 (Winter 2001/2002): 318-41.

⁵ The Lincoln quotation is from "Abraham Lincoln Speaks at Stockton's Hall: Leavenworth, December 3, 1859," Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 31 (Winter 2008-2009): 289; available on line at http://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2008winter.htm. For more on the national attention given the Kansas troubles, see Craig Miner, Seeding Civil War: Kansas in the National News, 1854-1858 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008).

⁶ Several fine essays of interest here can be found in Dean, ed., Territorial Kansas Reader; for the Topeka Constitution, see D.W. Wilder, The Annals of Kansas (Topeka: Kansas Publishing House, 1886): 81-86, available on line at http://www.territorialkansasonline.org.

⁷A helpful summary of the Dred Scott case is found in Richard B. Morris, Encyclopedia of America History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953), 222; see also Kenneth M. Stampp, America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990); Robert W. Johannsen, "The Lecompton Constitutional Convention: An Analysis of its Membership," Kansas Historical Quarterly 23 (Autumn 1957): 225-243; Robert Stone, "Kansas Laws and Their Origins," in William E. Connelley, History of Kansas, 5 vols. (Chicago: American Historical Society, 1928), 2:993, for helpful comment on all four conventions and constitutions; T. Dwight Thacher, "The Rejected Constitutions," Kansas Historical Collections, 1883-1885 3 (1886): 436.

⁸ T. Dwight Thacher, "The Leavenworth Constitutional Convention," Kansas Historical Collections, 1883-1885 3 (1886): 5; Gaeddert, The Birth of Kansas.

⁹ Unidentified clipping, "Our Kansas Correspondent . . . Wyandotte, K.T., July 9, 1859," in Hanway Scrap Book, Vol. 2, p. 42, Library and Archives Division, Kansas State Historical Soceity. "In regard to a 'black law,'" wrote Hanway, my opinion is that the convention will not disgrace Kansas by adopting a clause in the constitution so barbarous and cruel in its features."

¹⁰ "Our Kansas Correspondent," Wyandotte, July 24, 1859," in Hanway Scrap Book, 2:40.

¹¹ Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 263-278; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings (Topeka: Kansas State Printing Plant, 1920), 30, 383. On July 11 Hanway wrote: "Nothing of any general importance was acted on, save a vote to admit Mrs. Nichols to speak before the Committee on Elections next Wednesday evening on the subject of Woman's Rights, she having various petitions from citizens of the territory addressed to the consideration of the convention." Hanway Scrap Book, vol. 2, p. 42.

¹² In part, perhaps, because they were the two men most closely identified with the two rival factions within the old Free State Party, Robinson and Lane also did not participate in the convention that organized the Kansas Republican Party in May at Osawatomie. And many of the most experienced Kansas men were not elected as delegates to the Wyandotte Convention. "Various explanations were offered for the absence of experienced leaders," wrote G. Raymond Gaeddert. "It was said that the organization of the Republican Party had deprived the old leaders of their following. Another explanation was that the experienced leaders had framed the earlier constitutions which had been defeated. The settlers had elected new delegates, therefore, in order not to prejudice the electorate or Congress when the constitution would be submitted for approval. Moreover, constitution making was no longer a novelty in the Territory and some of the old leaders were not enthusiastic over the movement." Gaeddert, The Birth of Kansas, 36, 14; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 259-260.

¹³ Early in the convention, the delegates and the Committee on Credentials considered and debated a "memorial" from S. N. Wood and H. J. Espy "claiming seats in this Convention from the counties of Chase and Morris." Wyandotte County, which was apparently not yet officially organized when the territorial legislature passed the convention act, also came into this debate (it was considered represented by the Leavenworth delegation). The debate, which engaged several delegates, was partisan but focused on some interesting issues regarding the authority of the convention versus that of the legislature and all the implications. Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 40, 41-54.

¹⁴ Wilder, The Annals of Kansas, July 1856, and November 1856. John W. Scott, the father of Charles F. Scott, later editor of the Iola Register, was a member of the last territorial legislature; the elder Scott defeated Winchell in contest for speaker of the House. See, William E. Connelley A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans, 5 vols. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918), 3:1360.

¹⁵ Winchell biographical note in William Hutchinson, "Sketches of Kansas Pioneer Experience," Kansas Historical Collections, 1901-1902 7 (1902): 408; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 759, and July 26, 1881, 955: Mrs. E. E. Winchell, of Albany, gave the KSHS some of her husbands' "important" papers.

     The Lawrence Republican, Lawrence, Kans., edited by T. D. and S.O. Thacher, carried a "Letter from Hon. J. M. Winchell, Superior, Nov. 19, 1859," which began: "Finding myself editorially attacked in the last number of the Herald of Freedom, (so called), I desire the privilege of replying through your columns. I should ask that courtesy of the Herald itself, did I not remember the recent refusal of its editor, on a similar occasion, either to publish my letter or restore it to my possession." The Herald had reacted to a suggestion by a New York Times correspondent that Winchell might be a good senatorial candidate. It carried a scathing attack, according to Winchell, "upon my political character." In response, Winchell writes: "Something over five years since, I made my home in Kansas. I had never mingled in the strife of parties, and, though strongly attached to Free Soil principles, had never attended a political caucus, and had not a solitary impulse of political ambition. My efforts were in the path of legitimate business. The political troubles of the Territory arose; these, no man could perceive with indifference. I entered willingly into the struggle, and continued in it to the end." The letter goes on to defend his own record and to more thoroughly condemn editor G. W. Brown and the Herald of Freedom for its opposition to formation of Republican Party, Wyandotte Constitution, etc.

¹⁶ Joseph G. Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," Kansas Historical Collections, 1909-1910 11 (1910): 48. Waters includes only brief information on the delegates in "Note 2," some of which appears throughout these biographical sketches. For Arthur, see also several additional KHC references including 1-2:211, and E. J. Dallas, "Kansas Postal History," 1-2:256; "Governor Denver's Administration," 5:509; 7:399; U.S. Census, 1850, Clay Co., Indiana; U.S. Census, 1860, 1870, 1880, Linn Co., Kansas. Six Arthur children were enumerated in 1860; the oldest, Julia, was nineteen, born in Indiana, as were the middle four. James, Sr., is not enumerated with the family on July 31, 1870. In addition to the three sons, ages 25, 19, and 15, a daughter, Elizabeth, age 21, is with the family. William A. Mitchell, Linn County, Kansas, a History (Kansas City, Mo.: 1928), 111. It appears J.M.A. might have served with Co. G., 12th Kansas Infantry (Adjutant General's Report, 435), from 1862-1865; Elizabeth is enumerated as an 81-year-old "pensioner" in the 1900 census. A. B. Arthur continued to farm, perhaps on the home place, in Centerville Township for many years. See also "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882, in Kansas Constitutions, Clippings, KSHS, which provides the November 9, 1870, death date.

¹⁷ Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 68-69; 396; see several citation in the Kansas Historical Collections, including "Executive Minutes of Gov. Geary," 4:667; "Governor Walker's Administration" and "Governor Denver's Administration," 5:450, 482; "The Railroad Convention of 1860," 9:470; Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859. Barton was a co-founder of a short-lived town of "Olanthe," Johnson Co., 1857, 12:484. U.S. Census, 1860, Olathe, Johnson Co., Kansas. Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 139-140. As Wilder explains, free-state men refused to vote in his election, which also involved a delegate to the U.S. Congress and the question of calling a constitutional convention. "Col. John A. Martin's Account," in Andreas/Cutler, History of the State of Kansas (Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1883), 175. Here, Martin wrote: "H. D. Preston, of Shawnee; R. L. Williams, P. H. Townsend and Ed. Stokes, of Douglas; Allen Crocker, of Woodson; A. D. McCune, of Leavenworth; J. H. Signor, of Allen, and J. T. Barton, of Johnson, have all disappeared, and left no sign. I know not whether they are living or dead." He apparently was living in Missouri at the time of his death.

¹⁸ "Death of Colonel Blood," Lawrence Daily Journal," February 5, 1891; "The Lane-Jenkins Claim Contest," Kansas Historical Collections, 16:22, 112-113; Louis Barry, "The Emigrant Aid Company Parties of 1854," Kansas Historical Quarterly 12 (May 1943): 120, 121; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 111, 142, 203, 498; U.S. Census, 1860, Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas. Three children are enumerated with the Bloods: Ida, age 6, born in Wisconsin; Arthur, age 4, born in K.T.; and Henry, age 2, born in KT. According to the census, J.B. was 39 years old, which would make his year of birth 1820 or 1821. In 1880, J.B.'s age is enumerated as 61, so the 1819 birth date works. Three more children listed: Tom J., age 16; Fannie L., age 12; and Edna J., age 8.

¹⁹ U.S. Census, 1860 and 1870, Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 68, 326, 440.

²⁰ Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 68, 325; See Kansas Historical Collections, 1875-1880 1-2 (1880): 244-46, 13: (1914): 239-41, etc.

²¹ James G. Blunt, "General Blunt's Account of His Civil War Experiences," Kansas Historical Quarterly 1 (May 1932): 211; Robert Collins, General James G. Blunt: Corrupt Conqueror (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 2005). Blunt is buried in Lansing's Mount Muncie Cemetery.

²² See Governor Medary's Administration: Executive Minutes and Correspondence," Kansas Historical Collections, 1891-1896, 5 (1896): 617; U.S. Census, 1860, Leavenworth, Leavenworth County, Kansas; U.S. Census, 1870, 1880, St. Joseph, Buchanan Co., Missouri; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 292; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 57, 67-68, 126, 135, 195; "Constitutional Convention," Leavenworth Times, Weekly, July 23, 1859. According to the Times, he was "Brown" at the convention, but the name was "more properly . . . Braun or Braune It appears Brown immigrated first to Massachusetts, U.S.A., where he married Eliza, who had been born there about 1834. Their first child, Ellen, was born in Massachusetts in 1851; their second, a son F. J., was born in Indiana ca. 1856; and their third, Mary, was born in Kansas, ca. 1859. Additional children were born in Colorado (Dora, 1863) and Missouri (Minnie, 1865); in 1880 Eliza Brown, 47, was living on St. Joseph Ave., with five children, ages 22 to nine.

²³ See biographical note, Benjamin F. Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," Kansas Historical Collections, 1875-1880 1-2 (1881): 245; Hutchinson, "Sketches of Kansas Pioneer Experience," 392n; David E. Ballard, "The First State Legislature," Kansas Historical Collections, 1907-1908 10 (1908): 238; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 68-69, passim; obituary, "Death of Mr. Burnett," Wichita Eagle, July 4, 1899; "Widow of J.C. Burnett is Dead at Lawrence," Topeka Daily Capital, March 8, 1915; "Mrs. Burnett Dead," Topeka State Journal, March 8, 1915; U.S. Census, 1860, Mapleton, Bourbon County, Kansas. Burnett's first marriage end after only one year, with the death of his wife Laura L. Wheelock on October 4, 1850. His second wife, Anna Mary Fisk was born in Waterville, Vt., on March 10, 1832, and died in Lawrence, March 7, 1915. Her obituary indicates that they moved the KT in 1856, not 1857.

²⁴ U.S. Census, 1860, 1880, 1900, Olathe, Johnson County, Kansas; "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," Kansas Historical Collections, 1923-1925 16 (1925): 664, 667, 674, 712; George W. Martin, "The Boundary Lines of Kansas," Kansas Historical Collections, 1909-1910 11 (1910): 53, 64 (photograph), 72; 10:419; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 68, 660-661, passim; "There are but Nine Survivors of Wyandotte Convention," Mail and Breeze, March 30, 1900, in Kansas Constitution, Clippings, vol. 2, KSHS; "John T. Burris Dead," Olathe Mirror, December 9, 1915; "Col. John Taylor Burris Dead," Topeka Daily Capital, December 6, 1915; "The Passing of J. T. Burris," Kansas City Times, December 7, 1915; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 337, 428, 477, 497, 513. Burris served a second term in the state legislature in 1870. According to the 1900 census, John and Martha Burris, who had been married for 50 years, had seven children but only two were living at the time (however, the Times obit lists four daughters as survivors). His parents had been born in Virginia and Pennsylvania, hers in Kentucky. Daughter Eunice, a 19-year-old "music teacher" is living at home in 1880.

²⁵ "Executive Minutes of Governor Geary," Kansas Historical Collections, 1886-1890 4 (1890): 599; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 260, 261; "Constitutional Convention," Leavenworth Daily Times, July 27, 1859; U.S. Census, 1860 and 1870, Avon Twp., Coffey County, Kansas: Sarah also was enumerated as being 36 years old and born in Indiana; four of the children were born in Texas-Mary, age 9; John, age 8; Dorry (Dora), age 5; and Laura, age 4-and their youngest, Emma, age 3, was born in K.T. In 1870 Allen Crocker's age is given as 45 and Sarah's as 46.

²⁶ U.S. Census, 1860, Stanton Twp., Lykins County, Kansas: The couple was enumerated with one child, Charles E., who was age 11 and born in Illinois, and two domestics and three farm laborers. See also KHC, "Governor Denver's Administration," 5:492; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 48; "Hon. William Parker Dutton," The United States Biographical Dictionary. Kansas Volume (Chicago: S. Lewis & Co., 1879), 386-387. Dutton was still living in Paola when the latter source was published; Lucinda had died on June 15, 1875; perhaps significantly, one of their four children, Emily, married Aaron K. Stiles, then president of the Thornwire Hedge Co., Chicago. This essay indicates that he was elected Lykins County's first treasure in 1857.

²⁷ Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 48; KHC, several early references. So far, I have not found him in the U.S. Census for Kansas or Missouri, 1860-1880; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 67, 358, 366, 383; obituary, "Forman," Weekly Kansas Chief, October 6, 1898, which indicated that "he had of late years resided" in Canton, Mo. See also Illustrated Doniphan County, 1837-1916. Supplement to the Weekly Kansas Chief (Troy, Kans.: Weekly Kansas Chief, April 6, 1916), 212 (portrait included). "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882, in Kansas Constitutions, Clippings: the brief item on Forman indicates that he was a "miller," as does "Kansas Legislators Past and Present," State Library, at http://www.kslib.info/legislators/membf2.html.

²⁸ U.S. Census, 1860 and 1870, Delaware Twp., Leavenworth County, Kansas: Robert C., Sr., age 51, farmer; Jane H., age 50 (b. Tennessee, according to 1870 census); Robert, age 26 (no occupation given); Ephrahm, age 19, laborer; and Elizabeth, age 16, all born in Kentucky. The two youngest are also at home in 1870. Biographical note, KHC: 10:265; Martin, "The Boundary Lines of Kansas," 69, photograph, passim; R.C. Frost to E.F. Heisler, Kansas City, Kansas, as printed in the Kansas City Sun, Oct. 25, 1907, in Kansas Constitutions, Clippings, vol. 2, 1883-1925, p. 55, KSHS; "Hon. Robert C. Foster," The United States Biographical Dictionary. Kansas Volume (Chicago: S. Lewis & Co., 1879), 554-555. According to the latter, his mother was Jane H. Sims who, like her son, was active in the Baptist church; Robert, Jr., and Amanda had four children, two of whom survived. Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 261, 358, 366, 413, 442, 449, 528, 532. Foster lost the congressional election of 1870 to David P. Lowe, 40,368 to 20,950.

²⁹ U.S. Census, 1860, 3rd Ward, Atchison, Atchison County, Kansas: with Robert (age 56) and Elenor (age 54) are enumerated James (merchant), age 26; Elizabeth, age 27; Robert (lawyer), age 23; Louisa, age 19; Fanny, age 17; and two "domestics." Robert Graham reportedly had real estate valued at $40,000. [Robert could be R. St. Clair Graham, age 33, lawyer, who was married to Jessie and had two children and a couple domestics-1870 U.S. Census, 3rd Ward, Atchison. In 1867 he was judge of the 2nd District Court, Atchison. Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 449.] Interestingly, although Graham claimed membership in the 1859 legislature, Wilder did not list him among the legislators (Wilder, Annals, 249-250). According to Graham's account, "the bill for the purpose of calling a Convention to frame a Constitution" was actually amended to include representation from Wyandotte, which organized during the session, and other counties. Thus, he concludes, "fraud was committed," but it should not be charged to the Republican Party. Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 48; Gaeddert, The Birth of Kansas, 42, 52, 60, 69, 483-487.

³⁰ "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," KHC 16:674, 714; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 260, 312; "Judge Greer's Death," Topeka Daily Capital, November 28, 1889; "Death of Judge Greer, State Journal, Topeka, November 29, 1889; "John P. Greer" resolution, in Seventh Annual Meeting of the Bar Association of the State of Kansas, Topeka, January 7 and 8, 1890 (Topeka: Reed Martin Printing Co., 1890), 6-8; U.S. Census, 1870, Topeka Twp., Shawnee County, Kansas-57 year old farmer? (Greer's date of birth and marriage vary from source to source.) Topeka Tribune, February 9, 1861-John P. Greer, editor, Shepherd & Co., publishers and proprietors. The issue ran a valedictory by the outgoing editor, J. F. Cummings, who was obviously departing for political reasons, and a salutatory by Greer, who announced that he was "a National Republican" and "believe[d] that the Republican party is National in its character-that it is a Union party, gaining its recent victory alone through the merit of its principles." He had "the utmost confidence in the patriotism and wisdom of our President elect, Mr. Lincoln."

³¹ Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 50.

³² Biographical note, Kansas Historical Collections 1-2:245, 6:295; "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," Kansas Historical Collection, 1923-1925 16 (1925):662, passim; Kenneth Stern and Janelle L. Wagner, "The First Decade of Educational Governance in Kansas, 1855-1865," Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 24 (Spring 2001): 36-53, photo, 48 (see also http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/3917); Blackmar, Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, vol. 2, 592; Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859; U.S. Census, 1860, Bourbon County, Kansas: it appears that the six children living with William and Margaret Griffith had the last name "Rosco"; one boy, age 11, born in Ohio, and five girls, ages nine to one. The two youngest were born in Kansas; Margaret was 36, born in Virginia. Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 48, indicates that Griffith was "single" in July 1859. See Margaret Griffith and children, in U.S. Census, 1870, Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas. Here the children, starting with William, age 20, have no last name listed. In 1880, Margaret is enumerated with three "daughters," two, Jennie and Anna, are "Griffith" and born in Kansas; a third, Hattie Leonard (Harriet, no last name, in 1870), age 24, born in Pennsylvania.

³³ Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 306, 413, 513, 611, 780, 896, 967; "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," Kansas Historical Collections, 1923-1925 16 (1925): 688; U.S. Census, 1850, Butler Twp., Dark County, Ohio; U.S. Census, 1860, 1870, & 1880, Pottawatomie Twp., Franklin County, Kansas: by 1880 the 70-year-old Hanway was living with his son, Broughm Hanway (probably William H. B. Hanway) and family; in 1860 he is enumerated with wife Rebecca Hanway, age 52, born in Ohio, and three children, ages 25, 19, and 15, all born in Ohio. In Ohio, 1850, Hanway was enumerated as a "Stone Cutter," in Kansas, 1860, as a "farmer." See also Hanway on Osawatomie in Kansas Magazine 3 (1873): 551, and his Reminiscences of Early Kansas (1878). He participated in the "Liberal Encampment at Bismarck" on September 2, 1880.

³⁴ Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859; "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882, in Kansas Constitution Clippings, KSHS. Hanway corresponded with out of state newspapers for publication, and some of his columns written during the July 1859 convention can be found his the Hanway Scrap Book, vol. 2, KSHS, pp. 39-42.

³⁵ "Biographies of Members of the Legislature of 1868," Kansas Historical Collections, 1907-1908 10 (1908): 266, indicates that Hipple was born "in the year 1815." Cutler/Andreas, History of the State of Kansas, 404, Atchison County, Monrovia; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 471; U.S. Census, 1860, Center Twp., Atchison County, Kansas: Samuel was 39 years old, Emeline, 37, and the four boys ranged in age from 13 to 4, all born in Pennsylvania. He was a "farmer" with real estate valued at $5,000. John and Catherine, age 61 and 58 years respectively, enumerated just before. Both John and Samuel Hipple have "domestics" in the households. The 1870 census enumerated a fifth son, William M., age 4, born in Kansas. The four older boys are still "at home." Hipple's real estate is now valued at $45,000.

³⁶"Constitutional Convention," Leavenworth Times, Weekly, July 23, 1859.

³⁷ Ballard, "The First State Legislature," Kansas Historical Collections, 1907-1908 10 (1908): 239; Martin, "The Boundary Lines of Kansas," 64, includes a photograph of Hoffman; "Kansas Legislature in 1862," Kansas Historical Collections, 1881-1884 3 (1886): 108; "Walnut Tree Currency," Kansas City Journal, October 31, 1909, in Kansas Constitution, Clippings, KSHS; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 125, 286,290, 326, 328; U.S. Census, 1860, Neosho Falls Twp., Woodson County, Kansas: Samuel Hoffman appears to be boarding with Peter Stevens and family, along with several other young men. In J.T. Burris's obituary, is found the statement that two Wyandotte delegates survived: "Benjamin Simpson of Paola, Kas., . . . and Samuel E. Hoffman of St. Louis. Mr. Hoffman is connected with the Merchants' Laclede National Bank there." Kansas City Times, December 7, 1915. A.G.'s Report, 125, lists S.E. Hoffman, Leavenworth, as major in the Fifth Kansas Cavalry.

³⁸ Ballard, "The First State Legislature," Kansas Historical Collections, 10:240; Martin, "The Boundary Lines of Kansas," 58, photograph of Houston, passim. With Mary Rankin Houston, Samuel had two daughters; with Tabetha Kimball Houston, he had four sons and four daughters. U.S. Census, 1860, Riley County, Kansas; "When Ad Astra Start was made," Kansas City Star, October 24, 1909, in Kansas Constitution, Clippings, KSHS.

³⁹ Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 270, 307-309; Constitution of the State of Kansas, Art. 15, Sec. 9.

⁴⁰ Cutler/Andreas, History of the State of Kansas, Doniphan County, 488; "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," Kansas Historical Collections, 1923-1925 16 (1925): 732; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 247; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 68, 467-468; U.S. Census, 1860, Brown County, Kansas Territory. Two more children, a daughter, age 3, and a six-month-old son, were born in K.T. by August 1860. U.S. Census, 1880, Highland, Doniphan County, Kansas. In 1880 two additional sons were living at home-William B., age 14; John H., age 12. During the "skullduggery" discussion on the convention floor, Hubbard said "it was the first time a bribe was ever offered to me, and I hope it will be the last. . . . [Hutchinson said] he would make the same offer to any Democratic member of the Convention. I say, sir, he has sworn to a lie" (468).

⁴¹ William Hutchinson, "Sketches of Kansas Pioneer Experiences," Kansas Historical Collections, 1901-1902 7 (1902): 390n, 394; "The Frontier Guard at the White House, Washington, 1861," KHC 10:419; U.S. Census, 1850, Orange County, Vermont; "William Hutchinson Dead," Lawrence Daily Journal, May 19, 1904.

⁴² Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 300, 467-469; see also "Hall of the Constitutional Convention, Wyandotte, July 29, 1859," Hanway Scrap Book, vol. 2, 39.

⁴³ According to Ingalls, "The language [of the constitution], Expression and arrangement are mine, as chairman of the Committee for that purpose." Even "Its opponents confer," wrote Ingalls, "that for accuracy of definition, conciseness of expression and terseness of language it is a model instrument." Ingalls Papers, Collection 177, Library and Archives Division, Kansas State Historical Society (http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/2974 ); "John James Ingalls, 1833-1900," www.territorialkansasonline.org/.

⁴⁴ U.S. Census, 1870 and 1880, Atchison, Atchison County, Kansas; Burton J. Williams, Senator John James Ingalls: Kansas' Iridescent Republican (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1972); Anna (Louisa A. in 1880 census) was born in New York and was 26 years old in 1870; and the couple had four children: Ellsworth, age 4; Ruth, age 3; Ethal, age 2; and Ralph, age four months-all born in Kansas. By 1880 they had three more: Constance, Sheffield, and Marion. See, "Mrs. John J. Ingalls Dies," Kansas City Times, April 16, 1926: she died in Atchison on April 15 at age 83 and was survived by two daughters and three sons. Ellsworth and Sheffield lived in Atchison; the latter was a former Kansas state legislator and lieutenant governor (1913-1915).

⁴⁵ The contemporary delegate listing, Freedom's Champion, July 16, 1859, which is reproduced in the Annals, recorded Kingman's age as 38 years (see also U.S. Census, 1860, Hiawatha, Brown County, KT); Waters and the 1900 U.S. Census, Topeka, Shawnee County, provide a June 1818 birth, which would have made him 41 years of age in July 1859. The Kingmans had had five children, but only two were living in 1900; one, Lucy D., was single and living at home. She was born in Kentucky in February 1852. See also, "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," 665; KHC 13:115; "Quarter-Century Celebration," Kansas Historical Collections, 1901-1902 7 (1902): 153n; Joseph G. Waters, "Samuel A. Kingman," Kansas Historical Collections, 1905-1906 9 (1906): 45-66; etc. "Judge S. A. Kingman is Dead: Kansas' First Chief Justice," Topeka Daily Capital, September 10, 1904; Samuel A. Kingman, "Diary of Samuel A. Kingman at Indian Treaty in 1865," Kansas Historical Quarterly 1 (November 1932): 442, note #3, on line at http://www.kshs.org/publicat/khq/1932/32_5_kingman.htm.

⁴⁶ Gaeddert, The Birth of Kansas, 49, 56, 67, 541-543.

⁴⁷ Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 183, 252-253 (opposed annexation of Platte country), 287 (amendment to removed gender specific language from freedom to worship provision), 311 (favored homestead exemption).

⁴⁸ U.S. Census, 1860, Linn County, Kansas: Ruth Lamb, 37 years old, born in Indiana [born August 18, 1821, Wayne County]; their oldest, Miles, 21 years, and five additional children, were born in Indiana; two girls, 8 and 4, were born in Iowa, and their youngest, a boy, in Kansas. Miles Lamb soon started his own family and farmed for many years in Sheridan Twp., Linn Co. See also Joan F. Curran, compiler, Ancestry of Ethel Allene (Ragan) Bruening: Ragan, Chiles, Winslow, Mills, and Related Families (Kansas City, Mo.: Joan F. Curran, 1988), 113-114; William A. Mitchell, Linn County, Kansas: A History (Kansas City, Mo.: Campbell-Gates, 1928), 109-110; according to Curran, they are found in the Monroe Twp., Howard County, Indiana, U.S. Census of 1850, where he is listed as an "inventor." Mitchell said the Josiah Lamb family came to Linn County in 1857 in a "party of about forty Lambs." The Lamb Cemetery is located 3 ½ miles southeast of Pleasanton. Miles Lamb remained in Linn County; he was born January 15, 1839, and died February 17, 1917.

⁴⁹ Cutler/Andreas, History of the State of Kansas, Greenwood County, 1203; "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," Kansas Historical Collections, 1923-1925 16 (1925): 670; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 143, 154-55, 172, 224-25, 280; U.S. Census, 1860, Kansas Territory, Elmendaro, Elmendaro Twp., Madison (first in Breckinridge, later in Lyon) County. This census indicates that George and Melinda were born in Kentucky and lived in Iowa, when actually it appears they were from Ohio, and spent several years in Wisconsin before moving to Kansas; it also gives children's place of birth as Iowa, when it was actually Wisconsin. U.S. Census, 1880, Kansas, Eureka, Greenwood County-extended family enumerated together in 1880 (twelve people: four daughters; two sons-in-law; four grandchildren); "Constitutional Convention," Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859. See also Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution"; "An Old Landmark Gone," Greenwood County Republican, November 23, 1883 (gives date of marriage as May 9, 1845); The History of Greenwood County, Kansas, Volume II (Eureka: Greenwood County Historical Society, 1990), 75. The brief biographical sketch found in the latter indicates that Lillie's great-grandson (Patrick S. Dow) began practicing law in Eureka in 1981.

⁵⁰ Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History . . . Vol. 3, Pt. 2 (Chicago: Standard Publishing Co., 1912), 1230-1231; Oskaloosa Times, March 26, 1891, in Jefferson County Clippings, vol. 2, 145; U.S. Census, 1860, 1870, 1880, Kansas, Oskaloosa, Jefferson County; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49, 50n; Martin, "The Boundary Lines of Kansas," 58 (photograph), 72 ("Of the members of the Wyandotte convention there still remain with us . . . C. B. McClellan, of Oskaloosa, aged 87."); see also Rosa M. Perdue, "The Sources of the Constitution of Kansas," Kansas Historical Collections, 1901-1902 7 (1902):138, 149n, 151; Waters, "Samuel A. Kingman," 52.

⁵¹ T. Dwight Thacher, "The Leavenworth Constitutional Convention," Kansas Historical Collections, 1881-1884 3 (1886): 12; Perdue, "The Sources of the Constitution of Kansas," 137n; Gaeddert, The Birth of Kansas, 38; "Constitutional Convention," Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859; McCulloch (or McCullough) is mentioned very briefly in "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882, in Kansas Constitutions, Clippings-only as being from Scotland and very tall.

⁵² Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 477 (served with Slough, Graham, James Blood, and Lillie); U.S. Census, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, Kansas, High Prairie Twp., Leavenworth County. A fourth child, William O., was born in Kansas in July 1858. Margaret McCune also was Ohio born (March 1830; according to the 1900 census, Margaret McCune's father was born in Ireland and her mother in Pennsylvania.). The children are Joseph A., Harry R., Martha M., William O., Ida Bell, Nanie, Thomas L., and Adam D. (born, December 1866). Margaret McCune was living with son Adam and his family in 1900 and 1910. One of her eight children had died by that time and yet another by 1910. See also Portrait and Biographical Record of Leavenworth, Douglas and Franklin Counties, Kansas . . . (Chicago: Chapman Publishing Co., 1899), 774-775, which feature son William O., a successful High Prairie Twp. farmer, as well as Adam D. McCune. William McCune, who had served on the school board, was described as a political independent, but he was "in no sense of the word . . . a politician." (775)

⁵³ Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 290, 459; U.S. Census, 1860, 1st Ward, Leavenworth, Leavenworth County, Kansas; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 243; "Constitutional Convention," Leavenworth Times, July 23, 1859.

⁵⁴ Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 45, 47, 302.

⁵⁵ "Caleb May," The United States Biographical Dictionary. Kansas Volume (Chicago: S. Lewis & Co., 1879), 670-671; "The Topeka Movement," Kansas Historical Collections, 1913-1914 13 (1914): 141, 143, 160, 164; see also, KHC 3:11; U.S. Census, 1860, Atchison County, Center Twp., P.O., Pardee: (Enoch E. and Prissilla J., age 14; Samuel D., 11; Catherine C., 9; Isaac A, 6; and Margaret R., 2, born in Kansas); U.S. Census, 1880, Montgomery County, Fawn Creek Twp.; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 83, 106, 174, 192, 214, 230, 261. According to the U.S. Biographical Dictionary, the Mays had fourteen children, eight of whom survived in 1879; one son, Samuel D., had reportedly been killed by Indians in Texas, December 1873; he left a wife and two children, one of whom lived with his grandparents.

⁵⁶ U.S. Biographical Dictionary. Kansas Volume, 670; Kansas Constitutional Convention… Proceedings, 47, 537; Cutler/Andreas, History of the State of Kansas, 404, Atchison County, Monrovia-May was president of the town company.

⁵⁷ Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 236; J. Middleton appears to have been enumerated as a "miner" in Nevada Gulch, Arapahoe County, U.S. Census, 1860 (Could be John A.?); "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882, in Kansas Constitutions, Clippings, KSHS; Kansas Constitutional Convention… Proceedings, 68, 95; Adjutant Generals Report, State of Kansas, 1861-1865 (Topeka: State Printer, 1896), 220-under "Remarks" is found "Des. Germantown, Tenn., Feb. 8, '63." One source indicated he went to Montana in 1864.

⁵⁸ Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 238; "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882, in Kansas Constitution Clippings; Kansas Constitutional Convention… Proceedings, 68, 431; U.S. Census, 1860 and 1880, inconclusive, but 1880 enumeration in Circleville seems right, despite discrepancies. Ephraim appears not to have been enumerated in the 1870 census, but his parents may be: Tabias and Rachel Moore, the former being born in Maryland, which is the place of birth of Ephraim's father according to the 1880 census. (Ephraim Moore, Ohio born and age 35, appears in Olathe, Johnson County, in 1870, working as a carpenter and living with Iowa born Margaret, age 29, keeping house, and Harry G. (born in Kansas, age 10) and Phenia (born in Kansas, age 8).

⁵⁹ U.S. Census, 1860, 1870, 1880, Pottawatomie County. (It would appear that Dr. Palmer remarried Amelia E. _______, an Indiana native, during the 1860s.) Andrew J. Mead, "Reminiscences of Kansas," Kansas Historical Collections, 1901-1902 7 (1902): 469n, bio sketch; E. J. Dallas, "Kansas Postal History," Kansas Historical Collections, 1875-1880, 1-2 (1881): 257; "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," Kansas Historical Collection, 1923-1925 16 (1925): 731, 736, 770; Cutler/Andreas, History of the State of Kansas, Pottawatomie County, St. Mary's, 979; "Kansas Legislators Past & Present," State Library of Kansas, http://www.kslib.info/legislators/membp.html.

⁶⁰ "'Tis Finished," Martinsville (Indiana) Republican, May…1879, in Kansas Journalist Clippings, vol. 2, alphabetical, KSHS; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 237; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 292; Indiana University Bulletin. Register of Graduates, 1830-1904 2 (November 1904): 14.

⁶¹ "Governor Walker's Administration," Kansas Historical Collections, 1891-1896 5 (1896): 438, and "Governor Denver's Administration," 469, 501; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 237, 239, 246; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49; Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 305; Leavenworth Times, July 23, 1859. Waters wrote that Perry "died in Colorado prior to 1882." Some of this information is contradicted by the biographical sketch of Perry found in the History of the City of Denver, Arapahoe County, and Colorado (Chicago: O. L. Baskin & Co., 1880), 546-547. Among other things the Kansas sources indicate that Perry was born in New York and removed to Kansas from Louisiana.

⁶² "Governor Walker's Administration," Kansas Historical Collections, 1891-1896 5 (1896): 456; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 237; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49 ("died prior to 1882"); Martin, "Boundary Lines," 69; "Our Kansas Correspondent," Wyandotte, July 24, 1859," in Hanway Scrap Book, 2:40; Kansas Constitutional Convention… Proceedings, 68-69, 354; "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882, reported that Porter "died about 1865."

⁶³ U.S. Census, 1860, Ridgeway Twp., Osage County; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 238, 241; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49; Clara Francis, "The Coming of Prohibition to Kansas," Kansas Historical Collections, 1919-1922 15 (1922): 199, 200; "Constitutional Convention," Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859; tter, Emily Preston moved back to Nashua, New Hampshire, after her husband's death and died there on July 26, 1919. Their two children were Clara F. and Elwyn G., born in 1864 and 1866 respectively.

⁶⁴ Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859; Kansas Constitutional Convention… Proceedings, 30; biographical sketch, "Personalities," territorialkansasonline.org.

⁶⁵ Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859; Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, on line at http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000445; Albe B. Whiting, "Some Western Border Conditions in the 50's and 60's," Kansas Historical Collections, 1911-1912 12 (1912): 9n; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 68-69; U.S. Census, 1860, Kansas Territory, Topeka, Shawnee County: the Ross's first child, Lillian, was born in Ohio in ca. 1849, their next two (surviving) in Wisconsin, and their fourth, Flint, was born in Kansas in 1856.

⁶⁶ Daily Times, Leavenworth, July 27, 1859; Kansas Constitutional Convention… Proceedings, 68-69, 431; U.S. Census, 1860, Humbolt, Allen County, Kansas; U.S. Census, 1900, Saranac, Clinton County, New York; U.S. Census, 1910, Dannemora, Clinton County, New York; Eighteenth Biennial Report, Kansas State Historical Society (Topeka: State Printer, 1913), 33-34, 35 (portrait); some sources, including Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49, have him as James "A." Signor. Sara E. Signor, also a native of New York, was only 65 years old in 1910; she had eight children; five living at that time.

⁶⁷ U.S. Census, 1860, Paola, Lykins County; and 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910, Paola, Miami County; also enumerated with the family in 1870 and 1880 is a "stepson," William R. Buford, age 20 in 1880, born in Missouri; B.F. and Augusta lived on East Shawnee Street in 1910; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 236-247; Andreas/Cutler, History of Kansas, 885, Paola, Miami County, biographical sketch; "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," Kansas Historical Collections, 1923-1925 16 (1925): 662, 665, 712; "Biographies of Members of the Legislature of 1868," Kansas Historical Collections, 1907-1908 10 (1908): 268; Martin, "Boundary Lines of Kanas," 69, photograph; William E. Connelley, Twentieth Biennial Report of the Kansas State Historical Society (Topeka, 1916), 69, obituary, which contains same birth and marriage dates as newspaper: Miami Republican, August 18, 1916. See also, Topeka Daily Capital, March 26, 1912; and "B. F. Simpson, After 60 Years' Public Life, Dies," Topeka Daily Capital, August 11, 1916-indicates that he was survived by his wife and seven children, five sons and two daughters, both living in Topeka.

⁶⁸ U.S. Census, 1860, Leavenworth City, First Ward; "Governor Walker's Administration," Kansas Historical Collections, 1891-1896 5 (1896): 445; R. M. Wright, "Personal Reminiscences of Frontier Life in Southwest Kansas," Kansas Historical Collections, 1901-1902 7 (1902): 67n; Edward E. Wynkoop, "Edward Wanshear Wynkoop," Kansas Historical Collections, 1913-1914 13 (1915): 73-75; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 242, 244, 247; and the obituary of S. A. Kingman, Topeka Daily Capital, September 10, 1904, Slough's service on the New Mexico supreme court.

⁶⁹ Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 42. James Blunt followed with a defense of the process and for the legitimacy of the legislation that organized and should govern the Convention-the territorial legislature provided for the apportionment of fifty-two delegates, etc., and this plan should be followed. "I hold," said Blunt, "that the people, in going into that election [of delegates], have passed upon that law, and . . . I believe that law is binding in all and each of its parts" (p. 43). Slough raised the exclusionary question on July 8 (p. 56).

⁷⁰ "Extinct Geographic Locations, Kansas Historical Collections, 1911-1912 12 (1912): 485; George W. Glick, "The Railroad Convention of 1860," Kansas Historical Collection, 1905-1906 9 (1906): 473, 480; U.S. Census, 1850, Weston, Platte County, Missouri; U.S. Census, 1860, Washington Twp., Doniphan County; U.S. Census, 1880, Marion Twp., Doniphan County; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 254-55. Republicans of course didn't find Stiarwalt's line of reasoning at all persuasive.

⁷¹ Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 237, 242-243; "Official Roster of Kansas, 1854-1925," Kansas Historical Collections, 1923-1925 16 (1925): 662; John D. Cruise, "Early Days on the Union Pacific," Kansas Historical Collections, 1909-1910 11 (1910): 538n; U.S. Census, 1850, Wiscasset, Lincoln County, Maine; Kansas State Census, 1865, Leavenworth County, Ward 4, City of Leavenworth-here Stinson was enumerated with his wife, "Mrs. Stinson," and a son, James, age 7, born in Kansas (the family also appears to have had a live-in, Irish-born female "servant," and real estate and person property valued at $8,000 and $2,500 respectively.

⁷² Leavenworth Times, July 23, 1859; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 15, passim; Gaeddert, The Birth of Kansas, 37.

⁷³ Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 238; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 324; "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882; Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1861-1865 (Topeka: Kansas State Printing Co., 1896), 1:600 (mustered in August 12, 1863; resigned, April 22, 1865); U.S. Census, 1860, Clinton, Douglas County. Madeline, a Pennsylvania native also, was fifteen years Edwin's junior. They had two children at home in 1860: Ella, age 7, Penn., who must have been Edwin's by a previous marriage, and Hannah, age 3 months, Kansas. Enumerated on the same page are Henry and A.J. Stokes, ages 32 and 24 respectively; both born in Pennsylvania; U.S. Census, 1870, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Payette Township: Edwin (carpenter), age 46, with wife (teacher), and five children; oldest, Ella, age 17; U.S. Census, 1880, Arkansas, Pulaski County, Payette Township: wife's name appears as "Malvina" here, age 42, born Ohio, parents born Poland and Berlin. Three children; eldest Edwin B., age 12, born Arkansas.

⁷⁴ Gaeddert, The Birth of Kansas, 37; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 179-181Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 301; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 244; Stuart Henry, "Solon O. Thacher," Kansas Historical Collections, 1897-1900 6 (1900):206-219; Charles Hanford Landrum, "A History of the Kansas School Fund," Kansas Historical Collections, 1911-1912 12 (1912): 201n; U.S. Census, 1870, 1880, Lawrence, Kansas; Lawrence Daily Journal, August 12, 1895.

⁷⁵ U.S. Census, 1860, Lecompton Township, Douglas County, Kansas; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 237; "Executive Minutes of Gov. Geary," Kansas Historical Collections, 1886-1890 4 (1890): 712; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 269-270; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49 ("died before July 30, 1884").

⁷⁶ Elizabeth Williams Smith, "R. L. Williams: A Biographical Sketch," Kansas Historical Collections, 1926-1928 17 (1928): 558-561; U.S. Census, 1880, Lawrence, Kansas; "R.L. Williams Dead," Lawrence Daily Journal (evening), December 17, 1897.

⁷⁷ U.S. Census, 1860, 1870, Alexandria Twp., Leavenworth County, Kansas; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 237; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49; George A. Crawford, "Biographies of the Members of the Free-State Legislature of 1857-'58," Kansas Historical Collections, 1907-1908 10 (1908): 207-208; R. G. Elliot, "The Big Springs Convention," Kansas Historical Collections 1903-1904 8 (1904):372; Shalor Winchell Eldridge, Publications of the Kansas State Historical Society . . . Early Days in Kansas (Topeka: State Printer, 1920), 2:157; Leavenworth Times, July 23, 1859.

⁷⁸ U.S. Census, 1850, Franklin Co., Indiana; Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 236; "Governor Denver's Administration," Kansas Historical Collections, 1891-1896 5 (1896): 483, 517; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49 ("died some time prior to 1882"); Wilder, Annals of Kansas, 259; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 68-69, 466.

⁷⁹ Simpson, "The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention," 236, 242, 245; Waters, "Fifty Years of the Wyandotte Constitution," 49 ("died some time prior to 1882"); "Old Timers," Kansas City Journal, July 30, 1882; Kansas Constitutional Convention…Proceedings, 148-149, 273-275, 313-315, 321-322, 445-446.

⁸⁰"John A. Martin," biographical sketch, "Personalities," territorialkansasonline.org; Homer E. Socolofsky, Kansas Governors (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 113-115.

__________________

*Virgil W. Dean
Kansas Historical Society
vdean@kshs.org

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